Logos - Appeal of Logic (is your argument logical) ~ The source's credibility
Ethos - Appeal of Self (does your audience) ~ Logic used to support a claim.
Pathos - Appeal of Emotion ~ Emotional or motivational appeals.
1. SELF INTEREST -Things that make a good persuasive argument.
2. EXPERT TESTIMONY - Interviews, quotes, documentation with experts that backs up your opinion.
3. QUALITY OF REASONING - Can you offer facts, statistics or supporting details.
4. FLAWS IN OPPOSING ARGUMENTS - Point out the flaws in your opposition.
5. WHAT ABOUT YOUR AUDIENCE - Appeal to your audiences self-interest.
6. MAKE IT NEW - Choose a topic or thesis that is out of the original debates.
--Know both sides. be able to debate both sides.
THE DON'TS
Things to avoid:
1. Irrational Evidence
2. Mud slinging
3. Emotional Persuasions
4. Transfer of Emotions.
5. Use of quotations from MEN and WOMEN who are not EXPERTS in the field of your argument.
6. Oversimplification
Monday, March 5, 2018
Wednesday, February 14, 2018
Hamlet Act 5 study questions
HAMLET ACT 5: Questions
1) What do you feel is the point of the gravedigger’s riddles and song? How does it fit into the play?
His riddles and songs represent things that are wrong, and obviously dumb that are going on in Denmark.
2) In what ways do Hamlet’s reactions to the skulls in the graveyard seem to suggest a change in his outlook?
He sees death more closely, and actually accepts it, although, he does see that once you're dead, all you are is just a skull. If you were a noble who was well connected and well known, you will just be the same as any peasant at this time.
Compare Hamlet’s attitude towards Yoric to Hamlet’s attitude to Ophelia or even his father? How is it different? How is it similar?
Hamlet sees Yorik as just a skull, while he sees Ophelia or his father as symbols that represent something huge.
3) How old is Hamlet? How do you know this?
Hamlet is roughly 30 years old. The gravedigger said he became the gravedigger at this exact time that Hamlet was born.
4) What does the violent argument between Hamlet and Laertes add to the play?
It adds more of a reason to show how they loved Ophelia in different ways, and why they are so mad at each other.
5) What developments in Hamlet’s character are presented through the story of what happened on the boat? (V.ii 1-62). How has Hamlet changed?
He seems to be more accepting of the inevitable future. Before the pirates, or even the R&G boat, he was consumed with the vengeance of his father, but after the pirates, he knew what was going to happen, so he stepped his game up and took action.
6) How do Hamlet’s motives in killing Claudius seem to have shifted according to his speech beginning “Does it not, think thee…” (V.ii.63)
Hamlet is pissed that Claudius slithered his way onto the throne. Hamlet states that he was wanting to become king shown by statements about his hopes, and the rigged election.
7) What concerns of the play are reinforced in the Osric episode? (V.ii.80-170)
Claudius' "venom" is still introduced, as well as Hamlet playing the madness again.
8) Why does Hamlet ‘defy augury’? (V.ii.192)
He knows what is to happen in the future, and he does not want that, causing him to defy it.
9) What does Laertes say is his motive in still resenting Hamlet? How has already lost this? How does this contribute to the presentation of revenge in the play? (V.ii216-223)
He forgives Hamlet by saying "Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet. Mine and my father's death come not upon thee, Nor thine on me."
10) How might the dying lines of Gertrude, Claudius and Laertes be viewed as typical of the way their characters have been presented throughout the play?
It represents them as characters in deeper meanings. In my opinion, Gertrude was poisoned by the snake(Claudius) from his corruption abilities. Laertes forgives Hamlet for the death of his father because he now realizes why Hamlet felt the revenge that he did when he killed Polonius.
11) Who “wins” in Hamlet? How and why do you think this?
Fortinbras wins, because although he wasn't shown until the end of the book, the land was taken from him and his father. Fortinbras getting the land that he lost back shows that he is the true winner.
1) What do you feel is the point of the gravedigger’s riddles and song? How does it fit into the play?
His riddles and songs represent things that are wrong, and obviously dumb that are going on in Denmark.
2) In what ways do Hamlet’s reactions to the skulls in the graveyard seem to suggest a change in his outlook?
He sees death more closely, and actually accepts it, although, he does see that once you're dead, all you are is just a skull. If you were a noble who was well connected and well known, you will just be the same as any peasant at this time.
Compare Hamlet’s attitude towards Yoric to Hamlet’s attitude to Ophelia or even his father? How is it different? How is it similar?
Hamlet sees Yorik as just a skull, while he sees Ophelia or his father as symbols that represent something huge.
3) How old is Hamlet? How do you know this?
Hamlet is roughly 30 years old. The gravedigger said he became the gravedigger at this exact time that Hamlet was born.
4) What does the violent argument between Hamlet and Laertes add to the play?
It adds more of a reason to show how they loved Ophelia in different ways, and why they are so mad at each other.
5) What developments in Hamlet’s character are presented through the story of what happened on the boat? (V.ii 1-62). How has Hamlet changed?
He seems to be more accepting of the inevitable future. Before the pirates, or even the R&G boat, he was consumed with the vengeance of his father, but after the pirates, he knew what was going to happen, so he stepped his game up and took action.
6) How do Hamlet’s motives in killing Claudius seem to have shifted according to his speech beginning “Does it not, think thee…” (V.ii.63)
Hamlet is pissed that Claudius slithered his way onto the throne. Hamlet states that he was wanting to become king shown by statements about his hopes, and the rigged election.
7) What concerns of the play are reinforced in the Osric episode? (V.ii.80-170)
Claudius' "venom" is still introduced, as well as Hamlet playing the madness again.
8) Why does Hamlet ‘defy augury’? (V.ii.192)
He knows what is to happen in the future, and he does not want that, causing him to defy it.
9) What does Laertes say is his motive in still resenting Hamlet? How has already lost this? How does this contribute to the presentation of revenge in the play? (V.ii216-223)
He forgives Hamlet by saying "Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet. Mine and my father's death come not upon thee, Nor thine on me."
10) How might the dying lines of Gertrude, Claudius and Laertes be viewed as typical of the way their characters have been presented throughout the play?
It represents them as characters in deeper meanings. In my opinion, Gertrude was poisoned by the snake(Claudius) from his corruption abilities. Laertes forgives Hamlet for the death of his father because he now realizes why Hamlet felt the revenge that he did when he killed Polonius.
11) Who “wins” in Hamlet? How and why do you think this?
Fortinbras wins, because although he wasn't shown until the end of the book, the land was taken from him and his father. Fortinbras getting the land that he lost back shows that he is the true winner.
Tuesday, February 13, 2018
Act 4 study questions
Act IV, Scene 1
1. What is Claudius' main fear in the immediate aftermath of Polonius' death?
His fear is of Hamlet, since it is obvious that Hamlet knows what his uncle did by this time.
Act IV, Scene 2
1. What does Hamlet refuse to tell Rosencrantz and Guildenstern?
He refuses to tell them where he hid Polonius's body.
Act IV, Scene 3
1. What image does Hamlet use (ll. 19-29) to warn Claudius he's only king temporarily?
"Your fat king and your lean beggar is but variable service–two dishes, but to one table. That's the end."
2. Claudius ends the scene by writing a letter: to whom, and what order does it contain?
Writes it to the captain of the ship, and to not let Hamlet arrive to his destination.
Act IV, Scene 4
1. What's the value of the land Fortinbras' army is marching to capture in Poland (l. 20)? What will the invasion itself cost (l. 25)?
The value of the land that Fortinbras is going to invade has literally no value to it. The invasion will cost more than what is gained.
2. Hamlet's soliloquy (ll. 32-66) is self-critical; summarize his main fault.
His main fault is leaving Ophelia on a hard note, causing her to kill herself. He also probably should NOT have stabbed the curtain knowing that it was Polonius.
Act IV, Scene 5
1. Ophelia's songs during her first appearance in this scene deal with love, death and sex. Why? What do they tell us about her at the moment? What might they reveal about Her, Hamlet and Polonius?
They tell us that she wants things to be back how they were with her, Polonius, and Hamlet. She is depressed at this moment.
2. Why is Laertes a danger to Claudius' throne (ll. 98-103)? (Actually two or three related reasons.)
He is way too wise and vengeful, causing many people to look up to him as a leader.
3. What does Claudius offer as assurance that he had no part in Polonius' death (ll. 190-9)?
He shows proof that he was one of Polonius' best friends.
Act IV, Scene 6
1. Horatio receives a letter from Hamlet explaining how he escaped from Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. How did he?
He tricked them into going a certain way, then he walked off the other way.
Act IV, Scene 7
1. What reason does Claudius give Laertes for Hamlet's killing of Polonius (ll. 1-4)?
He gave the reason that Hamlet was mad.
2. What are his two reasons for not charging Hamlet with murder (ll. 9-24)?
The people looked up to him, and he is royalty.
3. Claudius reveals that Laertes is famous for his skill with the rapier (a fencing weapon) and that Hamlet is envious of this fame.
Ok??
4. How does Claudius plan to exploit this envy to give Laertes a chance for (publicly) guiltless revenge (ll. 126-38)?
He tells Laertes that he will poison a drink and give it to Hamlet.
5. How does Laertes refine the plan (ll. 138-147)?
Laertes steps it up and poisons his sword.
6. What announcement does Gertrude make to end Act IV?
She tells Laertes that Ophelia is dead. That she drowned.
1. What is Claudius' main fear in the immediate aftermath of Polonius' death?
His fear is of Hamlet, since it is obvious that Hamlet knows what his uncle did by this time.
Act IV, Scene 2
1. What does Hamlet refuse to tell Rosencrantz and Guildenstern?
He refuses to tell them where he hid Polonius's body.
Act IV, Scene 3
1. What image does Hamlet use (ll. 19-29) to warn Claudius he's only king temporarily?
"Your fat king and your lean beggar is but variable service–two dishes, but to one table. That's the end."
2. Claudius ends the scene by writing a letter: to whom, and what order does it contain?
Writes it to the captain of the ship, and to not let Hamlet arrive to his destination.
Act IV, Scene 4
1. What's the value of the land Fortinbras' army is marching to capture in Poland (l. 20)? What will the invasion itself cost (l. 25)?
The value of the land that Fortinbras is going to invade has literally no value to it. The invasion will cost more than what is gained.
2. Hamlet's soliloquy (ll. 32-66) is self-critical; summarize his main fault.
His main fault is leaving Ophelia on a hard note, causing her to kill herself. He also probably should NOT have stabbed the curtain knowing that it was Polonius.
Act IV, Scene 5
1. Ophelia's songs during her first appearance in this scene deal with love, death and sex. Why? What do they tell us about her at the moment? What might they reveal about Her, Hamlet and Polonius?
They tell us that she wants things to be back how they were with her, Polonius, and Hamlet. She is depressed at this moment.
2. Why is Laertes a danger to Claudius' throne (ll. 98-103)? (Actually two or three related reasons.)
He is way too wise and vengeful, causing many people to look up to him as a leader.
3. What does Claudius offer as assurance that he had no part in Polonius' death (ll. 190-9)?
He shows proof that he was one of Polonius' best friends.
Act IV, Scene 6
1. Horatio receives a letter from Hamlet explaining how he escaped from Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. How did he?
He tricked them into going a certain way, then he walked off the other way.
Act IV, Scene 7
1. What reason does Claudius give Laertes for Hamlet's killing of Polonius (ll. 1-4)?
He gave the reason that Hamlet was mad.
2. What are his two reasons for not charging Hamlet with murder (ll. 9-24)?
The people looked up to him, and he is royalty.
3. Claudius reveals that Laertes is famous for his skill with the rapier (a fencing weapon) and that Hamlet is envious of this fame.
Ok??
4. How does Claudius plan to exploit this envy to give Laertes a chance for (publicly) guiltless revenge (ll. 126-38)?
He tells Laertes that he will poison a drink and give it to Hamlet.
5. How does Laertes refine the plan (ll. 138-147)?
Laertes steps it up and poisons his sword.
6. What announcement does Gertrude make to end Act IV?
She tells Laertes that Ophelia is dead. That she drowned.
Tuesday, January 23, 2018
Final study questions
- Polonius is sometimes played as a senile old fool, sometimes as a shrewd and worldly old man. Which interpretation do you agree with and why? I agree that he is a senile old fool, because not only is he old and crazy, he also tries so hard to seem smart. In one of the lines, he puts a bunch of words together. "either for tragedy, comedy, history, pastoral, pastoral-comical, historical-pastoral, tragical-historical, tragical-comical-historical-pastoral, scene individable, or poem unlimited." (Pg 56 Line 386)
- Pick one character who could, at some point, have changed the whole chain of events. Discuss. Gertrude could have changed the chain of events by not marrying Claudius, and letting Hamlet take the throne like he was supposed to.
- Analyze the three appearances of the ghost seen in the play. Where did he appear; to whom did he appear? How does the third appearance differ from the first two? What is the significance of this? The ghost appeared on the castle walls, in the forest, and on a bridge. He appeared for Horatio and the guards, and he also appeared for Hamlet. The third appearance is where the ghost actually talked with Hamlet. The difference is that the ghost actually let out and explained what happened to him.
- Discuss the reasons for Hamlet’s apparent delay in seeking revenge for his father. What is your opinion regarding his procrastination? Hamlet doesn't want to seem crazy, so he decides to act crazy first. In my opinion, he wants to make sure that the ghost actually was his father, instead of a demon.
- Compare and contrast Hamlet, Laertes, and Fortinbras as avengers. All three of them have had their fathers murdered. The difference from Laertes and the other two is that he isn't royalty, and his uncle isn't an important figure.
- What is Hamlet’s attitude towards life and people? How does it affect his actions? His attitude towards life and people is to be super depressed, and act mad.
- Apply the following quote to Hamlet: “A man who wishes to make a profession of goodness in everything must necessarily come to grief among so many who are not good. Therefore, it is necessary for a prince, who wishes to maintain himself, to learn how to not to be good, and to use this knowledge and not use it, according to the necessity of the case.” -- THE PRINCE, Machiavelli
- Examine the reoccurring pun on sun and son. How does this symbol work in the overall meaning of the play. Hamlet is the "son" of a dead father, and the pun of "sun" comes in when this country is shown as a decaying garden, and Hamlet will be the "sun" that lightens up the garden.
- Was Ophelia pregnant with Hamlet’s child? No, I don't think she was.
- Did Hamlet slip into madness? In my opinion, he did. When he saw his father in Act 3 Scene 4, I think it was just a figment of his imagination.
- It is Hamlet who causes the downfall of Denmark. Probably. Even though his Uncle killed his father, his Uncle was still able to keep Denmark in one piece.
- What is the meaning of the pirates? ---
- Is Hamlet Jesus Christ? How is Horatio either John the Baptist or an apostle. ---
- Why or how is Denmark the Garden of Eden? ---
- Gertrude knows about the murder? No, I do not think so, but she is confused at why Hamlet comes to her saying she did.
- The meaning of prostitution in Hamlet? ---
- Can Hamlet be compared to our current society? If so, how? ---
- Perhaps others—as we read or when we finish.
Wednesday, January 10, 2018
Hamlet Act 1 Scenes 3&4
1) What is Laertes advice to Ophelia?
To stay way from Hamlet, since he will be forced to marry someone other than her.
2) How does “The canker galls the infants of the spring/ too oft before their buttons be disclos’d” fit into the ideology of the decaying garden?
3) What analogy does Ophelia give to her brother as an answer to his advice? What does she mean?
She gives him an analogy of death.
4) List five of the “few precepts” that Polonius gives to Laertes.
5) In lines 105-109, what is the metaphor that Polonius uses to describe Hamlet’s words of love?
He gives the metaphor of new life, but not a good one.
6) List and explain one metaphor found in the lines 115-135.
Metaphor of hell; "Lends the tongue vows. These blazes, daughter, Giving more light than heat, extinct in both Even in their promise as it is a-making, You must not take for fire."
7) What is Polonius’ command to Ophelia?
Not to marry Hamlet because he knows what would happen to he when Hamlet is forced to marry someone
else.
8) In scene 4, what is Hamlet talking about in lines 13-38?
He is talking about the cannons getting fired off, since the king has been drinking for too long, and he is
also firing off the cannons daily, when it is usually a rare event.
also firing off the cannons daily, when it is usually a rare event.
9) Why doesn’t Horatio want Hamlet to follow the ghost?
He is afradi that the ghost will drive him insane, and cause him to hurt himself.
10) What is Hamlet’s command to the three guards?
To keep the secret of Hamlet's uncle poisoning his dad.
Hamlet Scene 1 Part 1 questions
1) How is interest created in the opening scene?
The guards appear telling stories of an apparition.
2) What information are we given to help us understand the situation?
The ghost is real, Horatio is a scholar, and the soldiers keep seeing this ghost appear.
3) What happens at the end of the scene to create suspense and keep up the reader’s interest?
The ghost disappears due to the crowing of the rooster, so the soldiers go to tell Hamlet about it.
4) What is the mood of the scene?
Ominous and suspenseful.
5) Why are the sentries apprehensive? (there are two reasons)
They've seen the ghost before, and it looks like they are preparing for war.
6) What reasons are suggested by Horatio for the appearance of the late King’s ghost?
He believes that it could be the old king Fortinbras.
7) Who are the characters presented in the scene?
Horatio, Bernardo, Marcellus, and Francisco.
8) List one thing Horatio says about the former King?
He says that his land was taken by Hamlet.
9) Who is young Fortinbras?
The son of the dead Fortinbras.
10) What does Horatio say happened in Rome after Julius Caesar was murdered?
Plagues and stuff started to go around.
11) How does Horatio differ from Marcellus and Barnardo in scene 1?
Marcellus was more brave than Bernardo.
12) What is Horatio’s purpose in scene 1 (why is he present)?
He is there to explain the ghost and why he was there.
13) What past history (Denmark’s history) is revealed in scene 1?
The conquer of land.
The guards appear telling stories of an apparition.
2) What information are we given to help us understand the situation?
The ghost is real, Horatio is a scholar, and the soldiers keep seeing this ghost appear.
3) What happens at the end of the scene to create suspense and keep up the reader’s interest?
The ghost disappears due to the crowing of the rooster, so the soldiers go to tell Hamlet about it.
4) What is the mood of the scene?
Ominous and suspenseful.
5) Why are the sentries apprehensive? (there are two reasons)
They've seen the ghost before, and it looks like they are preparing for war.
6) What reasons are suggested by Horatio for the appearance of the late King’s ghost?
He believes that it could be the old king Fortinbras.
7) Who are the characters presented in the scene?
Horatio, Bernardo, Marcellus, and Francisco.
8) List one thing Horatio says about the former King?
He says that his land was taken by Hamlet.
9) Who is young Fortinbras?
The son of the dead Fortinbras.
10) What does Horatio say happened in Rome after Julius Caesar was murdered?
Plagues and stuff started to go around.
11) How does Horatio differ from Marcellus and Barnardo in scene 1?
Marcellus was more brave than Bernardo.
12) What is Horatio’s purpose in scene 1 (why is he present)?
He is there to explain the ghost and why he was there.
13) What past history (Denmark’s history) is revealed in scene 1?
The conquer of land.
Wednesday, December 6, 2017
1. He was to be put to death for raping a woman, but his revised sentence was that he got an old lady as a wife, and she put him to WORK.
2. If he promised to stay good, he could go with the wife of bath.
3. The details of the woman of bath.
4. The knight eventually didn't mind the old woman.
5. She mentions holy friars, women wanting wealth and treasure, and couples living in perfect bliss.
7. Not really, the knight literally raped a woman. Knights are supposed to show loyalty and justice, he was not doing either.
2. If he promised to stay good, he could go with the wife of bath.
3. The details of the woman of bath.
4. The knight eventually didn't mind the old woman.
5. She mentions holy friars, women wanting wealth and treasure, and couples living in perfect bliss.
7. Not really, the knight literally raped a woman. Knights are supposed to show loyalty and justice, he was not doing either.
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